The Lost History Of Christianity By Philip Jenkins

In the novel title â€Å"The Lost History of Christianity†, author Philip Jenkins attempts to convey the message that there are many aspects of Christianity that are unknown to Christian followers today. Jenkins start by implying that Christianity essentially starts in Northern Mesopotamia. Jenkins then traces the history of Christianity from Africa to the Arab world to the heart of Asia, in what he consider to be the â€Å"golden age† of Christianity. He informs the readers of the stories of churches and movements that thrived over a millennium and then largely died out, though there are remnants of these churches here and there, spread across different parts of the world. Jenkins is a firm believer that Westerners are blinded by the impression the Christianity began in Europe and Northern America, and believe that in some ways they are superior among other religions. Jenkins suggest, â€Å"When they think about Christian history, most modern Westerners follow the bo ok of Acts in concentrating on the church s expansion west, through Greece and the Mediterranean world, and on to Rome. But while some early Christians were indeed moving west, many other believers-probably in greater numbers-journeyed east along the land routes, through what we today call Iraq and Iran, where they built great and enduring churches. Because of its location-close to Roman frontier, but just far enough beyond it to avoid heavy-handed interference-Mesopotamia or Iraq retained a powerful terms of the number andShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesBrier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M

The Manifest Destiny A Theory During The 19th Century

The Manifest Destiny was a theory during the 19th century that many Americans believed. They believed that they were destined by God to expand from coast to coast. Andrew Jackson’s concept of the Manifest Destiny lead to the Trial of Tears because he believed it was a God-given right to attain land so he was willing to do all in his power as a president to expand the United States. He was blessed with the opportunity to expand the United States due to the global wars that transpired between France and other countries. In some word Andrew Jackson was an opportunist when it came to expansion. He also believed that the Americans were supposed to obtain the land whatever the cost. The Manifest Destiny was a theory during the 19th century that many Americans believed. They believed that they were destined by God to expand from coast to coast. Many Americans believed that God blessed the growth of the American nation and demanded them to work on it. â€Å"Since they were sure of their cultural and racial superiority, they felt that their destiny was to spread their rule around and enlighten the nations that were not so lucky. Many Americans also believed that it was up to them to further develop the lifestyles of Native Americans. They also believed that the other races were incapable of technologically and spiritually advancing into the near future.† â€Å"This expansion would involve not merely territorial glorification but the progress of liberty and individual economic opportunity.†Show MoreRelatedManifest Destiny : Ideal Or Justification Essay883 Words   |  4 PagesManifest destiny: Ideal or Justification The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of U.S in 1803. But it is not enough for ambitious Americans, we are not satisfied, we wanted more territory. So western expansion did not end, it actually keep moved. 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Thus America’s New Frontier was born. America built up its imperialistic nature throughout the 19th century and on into the 20th century, flexing its muscles and establishing itself as a new world superpower. The modern United States no longer finds land to claim, but instead is involve d with a Cultural Imperialism, which has affected how other countries around the

Need For Federal Government Involvement In Educati Essay Example For Students

Need For Federal Government Involvement In Educati Essay onThe Need for Federal Government Involvement in Education Reformby____________Political Science 2301Federal and State GovernmentOVERVIEWFor centuries, generations of families have congregated in the same community orin the same general region of the country. Children grew up expecting to earn aliving much like their fathers and mothers or other adults in their community. Any advanced skills they required beyond the three Rs (Readin, Ritin andRithmatik) were determined by the local community and incorporated into thecurriculum of the local schools. These advanced skills were taught to the up-and-coming generation so they could become a vital part of their community. Thelast several decades has greatly expanded the bounds of the community toalmost anywhere in the country or anywhere in the world for that matter. Advances in transportation and communication has made the world a much smallerplace then the world we knew as children. The skills our children need torealize parents perpetual dream of their children having a better life are nolonger limited to those seen in the local area. It is becoming more and moreapparent that the education system of yesterday cannot adequately preparestudents for life and work in the 21st Century. These concerns have promptedpeople across the country to take a hard look at our education system and toorganize their efforts to chance the education system as we know it. WHATS HAPPENING OUT THERE?There are two major movements in recent years whose focus is to enhance theeducation of future generations. The Standards movement focuses oneducational content and raising the standards of traditional teaching andmeasurement means and methods. The Outcome Based Education (OBE) movement isexploring new ways of designing education and changing the way we measure theeffectiveness of education by focusing on results or outcomes. STANDARDS MOVEMENTIn September 1989, President Bush and the nations governors called anEducation Summit in Charlottesville, Virginia. At this summit, President Bushand the nation s governors, including then-governor Bill Clinton, agreed on sixbroad goals for education to be reached by the year 2000. Two of those goals (3and 4) related specifically to academic achievement:* Goal 3: By the year 2000, American students will leave grades 4, 8, and 12having demonstrated competency in challenging subject matter including English,mathematics, science, history, and geography; and every school in America willensure that all students learn to use their minds well, so they may be preparedfor responsible citizenship, further learning, and productive employment in ourmodern economy. * Goal 4: By the year 2000, U.S. students will be first in the world in scienceand mathematics achievement. Soon after the summit, two groups were established to implement the neweducational goals: the National Education Goals Panel (NEGP) and the NationalCouncil on Education Standards and Testing (NCEST). Together, these two groupswere charged with addressing unprecedented questions regarding Americaneducation such as: What is the subject matter to be addressed? What types ofassessments should be used? What standards of performance should be set?The summit and its aftermath engendered a flurry of activity fromnational subject matter organizations to establish standards in their respectiveareas. Many of these groups looked for guidance from the National Council ofTeachers of Mathematics who publishing the Curriculum and Evaluation Standardsfor School Mathematics in 1989. The NCTM standards redefined the study of mathso that topics and concepts would be introduced at an earlier age, and studentswould view math as a relevant problem-solving discipline rather than as a set ofobscure formulas to be memorized. The National Science Teachers Associationand the American Association for the Advancement of Science quickly launchedindependent attempts to identify standards in science. Efforts soon followed inthe fields of civics, dance, theater, music, art, language arts, history, andsocial studies, to name a few. OUTCOME BASED EDUCATION MOVEMENTThe decade of the 80s brought numerous education reforms, but few ofthem were a dramatic shift from what has gone on before. Outcome-basededucation (OBE) is one of those that is new, even revolutionary, and is nowbeing promoted as the panacea for Americas educational woes. This reform hasbeen driven by educators in response to demands for greater accountability bytaxpayers and as a vehicle for breaking with traditional ideas about how weteach our children. If implemented, this approach to curriculum developmentcould change our schools more than any other reform proposal in the last thirtyyears. The focus of past and present curriculum has been on content, on theknowledge to be acquired by each student. Our language, literature, history,customs, traditions, and morals, often called Western civilization, dominatedthe learning process through secondary school. If students learned theinformation and performed well on tests and assignments, they received creditfor the course and moved on to the next class. The point here is that thecurriculum centered on the content to be learned; its purpose was to produceacademically competent students. The daily schedule in a school was organizedaround the content. Each hour was devoted to a given topic; some studentsresponded well to the instruction, and some did not. Treaty of Versaille EssayIn summary, the new, more efficient and accountable view of education isoutput-based. Outputs defined in terms of specific student learnings, in termsof specific standards. THE NEED FOR GRADING STANDARDSMost assume that grades are precise indicators of what students know andcan do with a subject area. In addition, most people assume that currentgrading practices are the result of a careful study of the most effective waysof reporting achievement and progress. In fact, current grading practicesdeveloped in a fairly serendipitous way. Mark Durm provides a detaileddescription of the history of grading practices in America, beginning in the1780s when Yale University first started using a four-point scale. By 1897,Mount Holyoke College began using the letter grade system that is so widely usedin education today. For the most part, this 100-year-old system is still in place today. Unfortunately, even though the system has been in place for a century, there isstill not much agreement as to the exact meaning of letter grades. This wasrather dramatically illustrated in a nationwide study by Robinson ; Craver(1988) that involved over 800 school districts randomly drawn from the 11,305school districts with 300 or more students. One of their major conclusions wasthat districts stress different elements in their grades. While all districts include academic achievement, they also includeother significant elements such as effort, behavior, and attendance. There isgreat discrepancy in the factors teachers consider when they construct grades. We have a situation in which grades given by one teacher might mean somethingentirely different from grades given by another teacher even though the teachersare presiding over two identical classes with identical students who doidentical work. Where one teacher might count effort and cooperation as 25% ofa grade, another teacher might not count these variables at all. CONCLUSIONNearly all countries we want to emulate rely on policies and structuresthat are fundamentally standards based in nature. For example, in their studyof standards-setting efforts in other countries, Resnick and Nolan (1995) notethat Many countries whose schools have achieved academic excellence have anational curriculum. Many educators maintain that a single curriculumnaturally leads to high performance, but the fact that the United States valueslocal control of schools precludes such a national curriculum. Although they caution that a well articulated national curriculum is nota guarantee of high academic achievement, Resnick and Nolan offer some powerfulillustrations of the effectiveness of identifying academic standards andaligning curriculum and assessments with those standards. France is aparticularly salient example:* In texts and exams, the influence of the national curriculum is obvious. Forexample, a French math text for 16-year-olds begins by spelling out the nationalcurriculum for* the year so that all 16-year-olds know what they are expected to study. Thebooks similar table of contents shows that the text developers referred to thecurriculum. * Moreover, the text makes frequent references to math exams the regional schooldistricts have given in the past. Students practice on these exams to help themprepare for the exam they will face; they know where to concentrate to meet thestandard. (p. 9)In a similar vein, a report published by NESIC, the National EducationStandards and Improvement Council (1993), details the highly centralized mannerin which standards are established in other countries. For example, in China,standards are set for the entire country and for all levels of the school systemby the State Education Commission in Beijing. In England, standard setting wasconsidered the responsibility of local schools until 1988, when the EducationReform Act mandated and outlined the process for establishing a nationalcurriculum. The School Examinations and Assessment Council was established tocarry out this process. In Japan, the ministry of education in Tokyo(Manibushi) sets the standards for schools, but allows each of the 47prefectures (Ken) some latitude in adapting those standards. According to the NESIC report, Most countries embody their contentstandards in curriculum guides issued by the ministries of education or theirequivalents. (pc-51) Additionally, A national examination system provides afurther mechanism for setting standards through specifications of examinations,syllabuses and regulations, preparations of tests, grading of answers, andestablishment of cutoff points. (pc-51)If our children are to survive and excel in the emerging global society,we must give them the tools they need to compete. Whether future generationsreceive these tools via the Standards movement or the OBE movement isirrelevant. It is how well our children can compete with other countries of theworld that will insure the United States remains a world leader, a nation unitedand strong. If this is not a role for the Federal Government, I dont know whatis?